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where is:

λ_y , λ_z

• Slenderness ratios corresponding to bending about the y and z axis

k_c

• Instability factor, the lesser of k_c,y and k_c,z is considered

f_c,0,k

• Characteristic compressive strength along the grain

where is:

l_cr,y , l_cr,z

• Buckling lengths corresponding to bending about the y and z axis

i_y , i_z

• Radius of gyration corresponding to bending about the y and z axis

where is:

λ_rel,y , λ_rel,z

• Relative slenderness ratios corresponding to bending about the y and z axis

k_y , k_z

• Instability factors calculated using following formulas

where is:

λ_rel,y , λ_rel,z

• Relative slenderness ratios corresponding to bending about the y and z axis

β_c

• Straightness factor equal to 0.2 for solid timber and 0.1 for glued laminated timber